ABSTRACT
The contribution analyses the connections between multiculturality, unemployment and self-employment on the case of Berlin and its Turkish ethnic economy. Five attributes characterise the Turkish work sphere: heterogeneity, hybridity, professionalism, internationalisation, and interest of the state. The consequences of those attributes are partly contradictory. On the one hand they stress the significance of the concept of the Turkish economy. On the other hand, until recently not known respect, appreciation and popularity of the Turkish ethnic economy reveal. The mentioned contrast is being understood as a new proof of the significance of multiculturalism in Germany and the relation of Germans towards immigrants. The acknowledgement of their presence in the society lead to a high growth of self-employment, which is one of the solutions for non-employment, and a path to integration. The consequence is the economic dimension of multiculturalism, thus ideology, which contains ethnic pluralism as a positive element. A critical analysis of that ideology is given in the conclusion.

ABSTRACT
The contribution analyses the connections between multiculturality, unemployment and self-employment on the case of Berlin and its Turkish ethnic economy. Five attributes characterise the Turkish work sphere: heterogeneity, hybridity, professionalism, internationalisation, and interest of the state. The consequences of those attributes are partly contradictory. On the one hand they stress the significance of the concept of the Turkish economy. On the other hand, until recently not known respect, appreciation and popularity of the Turkish ethnic economy reveal. The mentioned contrast is being understood as a new proof of the significance of multiculturalism in Germany and the relation of Germans towards immigrants. The acknowledgement of their presence in the society lead to a high growth of self-employment, which is one of the solutions for non-employment, and a path to integration. The consequence is the economic dimension of multiculturalism, thus ideology, which contains ethnic pluralism as a positive element. A critical analysis of that ideology is given in the conclusion.

ABSTRACT
Freedom of moving of people was the subject matter of discussions between the European Union and new potential members. Temporary work contracts for workers from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) were available from the late eighties on. That offer is opening a legal path to the market of labour force of states of the EU for immigrants from the CEE states in the transition period. The present contribution researches different factors and processes, which influence professional inclusion of health workers from Bohemia and Poland in Great Britain and in Germany. Their present and potential employment status is dealt with in relation to request and offer for such employment, the legal frame of the work market, introduction to work itself and the process of regulating such processes, the professional role and the working organisation in it. It is foreseen in the contribution that demands for specialised qualifications and high education in many countries of the EU could lead in the following years to an expansion of employment opportunities for the immigrants from the CEE countries. Advocated is the standpoint of greater convergence in issuing permits for temporary employment among the states members of the EU for the benefit of acquiring a higher degree of protection of the employed, and more impartial treatment of immigrants with such work permits.

ABSTRACT
Freedom of moving of people was the subject matter of discussions between the European Union and new potential members. Temporary work contracts for workers from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) were available from the late eighties on. That offer is opening a legal path to the market of labour force of states of the EU for immigrants from the CEE states in the transition period. The present contribution researches different factors and processes, which influence professional inclusion of health workers from Bohemia and Poland in Great Britain and in Germany. Their present and potential employment status is dealt with in relation to request and offer for such employment, the legal frame of the work market, introduction to work itself and the process of regulating such processes, the professional role and the working organisation in it. It is foreseen in the contribution that demands for specialised qualifications and high education in many countries of the EU could lead in the following years to an expansion of employment opportunities for the immigrants from the CEE countries. Advocated is the standpoint of greater convergence in issuing permits for temporary employment among the states members of the EU for the benefit of acquiring a higher degree of protection of the employed, and more impartial treatment of immigrants with such work permits.

ABSTRACT
The author presents a widened and controversial French concept of social integration of immigrants, which he names “the republican model of integration.” The model contains ideological presumptions of social equality through a unitarian comprehension of the universalistic concept of the public sphere of life. France is one of the countries that is developing and advocating that model, although polemics have been proving its inconsistent characteristics above all in practice. The author follows two currents of sociological discussion in France that tend to change the comprehension of citizenship and the relation towards ethnic diversity. The goal of public and expert discussions on the subject is to overcome some republican values, which are an obstacle for the development of cultural pluralism. The changes would enable the government to serve better the recognition or distinction between citizenship and ethnic identification of immigrants in regard of their origin.

ABSTRACT
The author presents a widened and controversial French concept of social integration of immigrants, which he names “the republican model of integration.” The model contains ideological presumptions of social equality through a unitarian comprehension of the universalistic concept of the public sphere of life. France is one of the countries that is developing and advocating that model, although polemics have been proving its inconsistent characteristics above all in practice. The author follows two currents of sociological discussion in France that tend to change the comprehension of citizenship and the relation towards ethnic diversity. The goal of public and expert discussions on the subject is to overcome some republican values, which are an obstacle for the development of cultural pluralism. The changes would enable the government to serve better the recognition or distinction between citizenship and ethnic identification of immigrants in regard of their origin.

ABSTRACT
International migrations are becoming one of the key problems in contemporary integration processes of the European Union. Member States of the EU have different migration policies and different relations towards emigrants and their descendants. Those differences are rooted in the time of liberal policy of the sixties, and they strengthened in the seventies and eighties, in the period after the oil crisis. A good example is Sweden with its multicultural policy. Differences are noticeable above all in the relation towards the inherited group identifications (ethnicity, race, sex). They exhibit on the level of everyday life, in political culture, and in politics in a narrower meaning of the word. The latter is as well connected with the conditions of naturalisation. Sex, race and ethnicity can “operate” separately, but in numerous contexts they cover over each other, which results in intensification of discrimination of the majority environment in relation towards the carrier of “selected cultural/social-political” symbols for such distinguishing among people. Hence it follows, that women – immigrants, members of unwanted races who within that come from the most unwanted ethnic environments – are exposed to the worst discrimination.

ABSTRACT
International migrations are becoming one of the key problems in contemporary integration processes of the European Union. Member States of the EU have different migration policies and different relations towards emigrants and their descendants. Those differences are rooted in the time of liberal policy of the sixties, and they strengthened in the seventies and eighties, in the period after the oil crisis. A good example is Sweden with its multicultural policy. Differences are noticeable above all in the relation towards the inherited group identifications (ethnicity, race, sex). They exhibit on the level of everyday life, in political culture, and in politics in a narrower meaning of the word. The latter is as well connected with the conditions of naturalisation. Sex, race and ethnicity can “operate” separately, but in numerous contexts they cover over each other, which results in intensification of discrimination of the majority environment in relation towards the carrier of “selected cultural/social-political” symbols for such distinguishing among people. Hence it follows, that women – immigrants, members of unwanted races who within that come from the most unwanted ethnic environments – are exposed to the worst discrimination.

ABSTRACT
The contribution researches the characteristics of the after-war immigration in West European towns. It deals with differences and similarities between various European states, and proceeds with comparisons and questions on whether European models of adaptation of immigrants are different from those that are characteristic for the United States of America. The contribution of Ceri Peach gives a general review of migrations and some phenomena in a somewhat longer historical and comparative perspective.

ABSTRACT
The contribution researches the characteristics of the after-war immigration in West European towns. It deals with differences and similarities between various European states, and proceeds with comparisons and questions on whether European models of adaptation of immigrants are different from those that are characteristic for the United States of America. The contribution of Ceri Peach gives a general review of migrations and some phenomena in a somewhat longer historical and comparative perspective.