This study analyzes how migration and other factors affect employment and unemployment in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan using statistical methods and finds that economic and educational opportunities attract migrants, thereby increasing labor market competition. In Kazakhstan, unemployment is influenced by new arrivals and higher education graduates (positive) and by GDP per capita (negative); employment is influenced by R&D spending and GDP (positive), as well as by new arrivals (negative). In Kyrgyzstan, higher education graduates reduce unemployment, while arrivals and graduates of secondary vocational institutions boost employment. Migration negatively affects employment in Kazakhstan and positively affects it in Kyrgyzstan, informing future migration policy decisions.
Keywords: unemployment, employment, emigrants, immigrants, education, natural population growth

This study analyzes how migration and other factors affect employment and unemployment in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan using statistical methods and finds that economic and educational opportunities attract migrants, thereby increasing labor market competition. In Kazakhstan, unemployment is influenced by new arrivals and higher education graduates (positive) and by GDP per capita (negative); employment is influenced by R&D spending and GDP (positive), as well as by new arrivals (negative). In Kyrgyzstan, higher education graduates reduce unemployment, while arrivals and graduates of secondary vocational institutions boost employment. Migration negatively affects employment in Kazakhstan and positively affects it in Kyrgyzstan, informing future migration policy decisions.
Keywords: unemployment, employment, emigrants, immigrants, education, natural population growth

This study analyzes the transformation of migration routes and volumes through transit states and the resulting challenges for international policy amid armed conflicts. A comparative analysis of cases in the Mediterranean, Middle East, Latin America, and Europe reveals rising pressure on transit infrastructures, tighter border controls, and more displaced persons. Conflicts in Syria, Libya, and Central America redirect migration movements and fuel irregular migration, while Russia’s war against Ukraine created Europe’s largest crisis since World War II. Findings show that migration has become both a humanitarian and political issue, requiring comprehensive, internationally coordinated policies and adaptive transit mechanisms.
Keywords: migration policy, migrant transit, global security, refugees and displaced persons, international cooperation, border control

This study analyzes the transformation of migration routes and volumes through transit states and the resulting challenges for international policy amid armed conflicts. A comparative analysis of cases in the Mediterranean, Middle East, Latin America, and Europe reveals rising pressure on transit infrastructures, tighter border controls, and more displaced persons. Conflicts in Syria, Libya, and Central America redirect migration movements and fuel irregular migration, while Russia’s war against Ukraine created Europe’s largest crisis since World War II. Findings show that migration has become both a humanitarian and political issue, requiring comprehensive, internationally coordinated policies and adaptive transit mechanisms.
Keywords: migration policy, migrant transit, global security, refugees and displaced persons, international cooperation, border control

This thematic section underscores the need for holistic migration governance that recognizes the multidimensional realities of mobility in Central Asia. The countries of Central Asia can better capture the opportunities offered by migration while reducing its risks by strengthening the legal framework, promoting sustainable development, improving education and social support systems, and fostering regional cooperation. The studies included offer valuable pathways for future research and policy development, contributing to ongoing scholarly and practical efforts to understand and manage migration in a rapidly changing world.

This thematic section underscores the need for holistic migration governance that recognizes the multidimensional realities of mobility in Central Asia. The countries of Central Asia can better capture the opportunities offered by migration while reducing its risks by strengthening the legal framework, promoting sustainable development, improving education and social support systems, and fostering regional cooperation. The studies included offer valuable pathways for future research and policy development, contributing to ongoing scholarly and practical efforts to understand and manage migration in a rapidly changing world.

The article explores the history of the Slovenian settlement in the Tuzla Canton area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, dating back to the Austro-Hungarian period. It analyzes census data from 1910 to 2013, highlighting the impact of the Bosnian War on demographic changes. In 1993, due to humanitarian needs, the Slovene Community Association was established, bringing together 660 families and comprising nearly 1,700 members. Due to post-war emigration, only 51 individuals declared themselves as Slovenians in the 2013 census.
Keywords: Slovenians, Tuzla Canton, emigration, Slovene Association, demographic changes

The article explores the history of the Slovenian settlement in the Tuzla Canton area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, dating back to the Austro-Hungarian period. It analyzes census data from 1910 to 2013, highlighting the impact of the Bosnian War on demographic changes. In 1993, due to humanitarian needs, the Slovene Community Association was established, bringing together 660 families and comprising nearly 1,700 members. Due to post-war emigration, only 51 individuals declared themselves as Slovenians in the 2013 census.
Keywords: Slovenians, Tuzla Canton, emigration, Slovene Association, demographic changes

During Austro-Hungarian rule—and later in the first unified South Slavic state—periodical publications in Bosnia and Herzegovina served as a popular means for enlightening all strata of the population. One of those publications, the Calendar of the Serbian Educational and Cultural Society (SPKD) Prosvjeta, featured a variety of texts, ranging from literary contributions to expert articles on health, agriculture, geography, pedagogy, and other topics. These texts served as testimonies not only about the Serbian community but also about others. The study analyzes the headlines and news related to Slovenia and Slovenian motifs published in the Calendar between 1905 and 1947.
Keywords: press, Slovenia, Slovenian motifs, Calendar SPKD Prosvjeta

During Austro-Hungarian rule—and later in the first unified South Slavic state—periodical publications in Bosnia and Herzegovina served as a popular means for enlightening all strata of the population. One of those publications, the Calendar of the Serbian Educational and Cultural Society (SPKD) Prosvjeta, featured a variety of texts, ranging from literary contributions to expert articles on health, agriculture, geography, pedagogy, and other topics. These texts served as testimonies not only about the Serbian community but also about others. The study analyzes the headlines and news related to Slovenia and Slovenian motifs published in the Calendar between 1905 and 1947.
Keywords: press, Slovenia, Slovenian motifs, Calendar SPKD Prosvjeta