ABSTRACT:

Slovenia and Norway, both small European countries, have a history of being occupied by other forces. The first had a Catholic Church, the second a Lutheran, both with a bulk of primarily rural forefathers going to America in the nineteenth century, though with a time span of forty years in-between. It became a challenge to see which differences and similarities this situation, especially the churches, brought to the emigrants in the process. No doubt, the religion influenced their lives, Slovenian Church being more autocratic, the Norwegian democratic. Both gave support in education, charity work, social and cultural activities, but under different conditions. The positive effects are easy to spur, and the long-term Americanisation effects will need a broader perspective.

KEY WORDS: emigration to USA, church, religious congregations, social and charity work, settlers’ communities

ABSTRACT:

Slovenia and Norway, both small European countries, have a history of being occupied by other forces. The first had a Catholic Church, the second a Lutheran, both with a bulk of primarily rural forefathers going to America in the nineteenth century, though with a time span of forty years in-between. It became a challenge to see which differences and similarities this situation, especially the churches, brought to the emigrants in the process. No doubt, the religion influenced their lives, Slovenian Church being more autocratic, the Norwegian democratic. Both gave support in education, charity work, social and cultural activities, but under different conditions. The positive effects are easy to spur, and the long-term Americanisation effects will need a broader perspective.

KEY WORDS: emigration to USA, church, religious congregations, social and charity work, settlers’ communities

ABSTRACT:

Based on archival sources and a synthesis of existing literature available in Slovenia, the article presents a survey of the attitudes of Canadian Slovenians towards their native land, which were conditioned by the motives and reasons for emigration as well as by their experience of life in Canada. In addition to collective experiences, it is also focused on personal perspectives which are placed into the context of a contemporary political and social outline of both countries. Moreover, it contains several considerations that should be taken into account when researching emigration and emigrants. The article exposes a great shortage of scientific literature about Slovenian emigration to Canada and thus shows numerous grey areas that should be studied within the whole history of Slovenians and nevertheless also in the context of the history of Canada.

KEY WORDS: Slovenian emigrants, refugees, repatriates, Canada, Canadian Slovenians, homeland, 20^th Century

ABSTRACT:

Based on archival sources and a synthesis of existing literature available in Slovenia, the article presents a survey of the attitudes of Canadian Slovenians towards their native land, which were conditioned by the motives and reasons for emigration as well as by their experience of life in Canada. In addition to collective experiences, it is also focused on personal perspectives which are placed into the context of a contemporary political and social outline of both countries. Moreover, it contains several considerations that should be taken into account when researching emigration and emigrants. The article exposes a great shortage of scientific literature about Slovenian emigration to Canada and thus shows numerous grey areas that should be studied within the whole history of Slovenians and nevertheless also in the context of the history of Canada.

KEY WORDS: Slovenian emigrants, refugees, repatriates, Canada, Canadian Slovenians, homeland, 20^th Century

ABSTRACT:

The article analyses emigration of Croatian population in the last fifteen years. It is methodologically based on the analysis of data provided in the reports of the Central Bureau of Statistics, i.e. in the official reports on international migration of population of Croatia, due to absence of valid population census. Until 19991 there were so-called inter-republic migrations occurring between Croatia and Slovenia. After 1991, Croatia and Slovenia became independent and internationally recognised states. Therefore, Croatian emigration to Slovenia became international in its character, although it was still a continuation of the once inter-republic migration flows. On the basis of the analysis of situation during the past fifteen years it is concluded, that 147.252 Croatian citizens, aged from 30 to 45, emigrated from the Republic of Croatia. Therefore, in the last fifteen years Croatia lost a demographic potential as high as the number of residents of the town Rijeka. Because methodologies of statistics are not harmonised, the monitoring of emigration is difficult. This is also so due to inability to determine a precise number of Croatian emigrants on the basis of reports by the Ministry of Interior, because in the Republic of Croatia an emigrant is not required to report the change of address. Therefore, the results cannot be considered as entirely correct and valid.

KEYWORDS: emigration, emigrants, migration, population, Croatia

ABSTRACT:

The article analyses emigration of Croatian population in the last fifteen years. It is methodologically based on the analysis of data provided in the reports of the Central Bureau of Statistics, i.e. in the official reports on international migration of population of Croatia, due to absence of valid population census. Until 19991 there were so-called inter-republic migrations occurring between Croatia and Slovenia. After 1991, Croatia and Slovenia became independent and internationally recognised states. Therefore, Croatian emigration to Slovenia became international in its character, although it was still a continuation of the once inter-republic migration flows. On the basis of the analysis of situation during the past fifteen years it is concluded, that 147.252 Croatian citizens, aged from 30 to 45, emigrated from the Republic of Croatia. Therefore, in the last fifteen years Croatia lost a demographic potential as high as the number of residents of the town Rijeka. Because methodologies of statistics are not harmonised, the monitoring of emigration is difficult. This is also so due to inability to determine a precise number of Croatian emigrants on the basis of reports by the Ministry of Interior, because in the Republic of Croatia an emigrant is not required to report the change of address. Therefore, the results cannot be considered as entirely correct and valid.

KEYWORDS: emigration, emigrants, migration, population, Croatia

ABSTRACT:

Besides social-economic factors, Krek in his letters primarily emphasised activities of Catholic Church in Germany and inclusion of Slovenian immigrants into its organisation from a religious viewpoint. In various “programmes” he pointed out the tasks that await Slovenian churchgoers in Germany and mostly those who remained in the homeland. Cultural and national affiliations are being emphasised, but always in connection to religious life (societies, books, newspapers, emigrant priests, morality). He did not avoid extensive reflections on political life in Germany as compared to Austria.

KEYWORDS: Slovenians in Germany, religious and cultural life of emigrants, Bismarck, Judaism, liberalism, social democracy.

ABSTRACT:

Besides social-economic factors, Krek in his letters primarily emphasised activities of Catholic Church in Germany and inclusion of Slovenian immigrants into its organisation from a religious viewpoint. In various “programmes” he pointed out the tasks that await Slovenian churchgoers in Germany and mostly those who remained in the homeland. Cultural and national affiliations are being emphasised, but always in connection to religious life (societies, books, newspapers, emigrant priests, morality). He did not avoid extensive reflections on political life in Germany as compared to Austria.

KEYWORDS: Slovenians in Germany, religious and cultural life of emigrants, Bismarck, Judaism, liberalism, social democracy.

ABSTRACT:

This article is an abridged version of the BA thesis entitled “Popular Culture and the Global Slovenian Community on the Web”, which was written following a research surrounding the problematic of Slovenians emigrants and the identity of young Slovenians that represent second, third or other generation offspring. The main question surrounding this population is the extent to which they can still be perceived as the representatives and carriers of Slovenian culture. As they are the ones who are increasingly using the World Wide Web, particularly in conjunction with popular culture, they cannot therefore be neglected when talking about Slovenian culture and the common Slovenian cultural space at the present time. Through a rethinking and examining of this problematic, further questions have arisen. This article is therefore drafted as an overview and evaluation of the current web production of Slovenians around the world and gives suggestions as to its resolving, but not as a final solution of this complex and extremely relevant problem.

KEY WORDS: Slovenian communities, Slovenian identity, popular culture, World Wide Web

ABSTRACT:

This article is an abridged version of the BA thesis entitled “Popular Culture and the Global Slovenian Community on the Web”, which was written following a research surrounding the problematic of Slovenians emigrants and the identity of young Slovenians that represent second, third or other generation offspring. The main question surrounding this population is the extent to which they can still be perceived as the representatives and carriers of Slovenian culture. As they are the ones who are increasingly using the World Wide Web, particularly in conjunction with popular culture, they cannot therefore be neglected when talking about Slovenian culture and the common Slovenian cultural space at the present time. Through a rethinking and examining of this problematic, further questions have arisen. This article is therefore drafted as an overview and evaluation of the current web production of Slovenians around the world and gives suggestions as to its resolving, but not as a final solution of this complex and extremely relevant problem.

KEY WORDS: Slovenian communities, Slovenian identity, popular culture, World Wide Web