ABSTRACT
Two key concepts that intertwine throughout the text are immigration control and the autonomy of migration. It is important to emphasize that in practice, the former is a response to the latter and not the other way around. The concept of the autonomy of migration makes it possible to consider refugees and migrants without resorting to victimization and security discourse. Control is broken down by presenting typical discourses (the distinction between refugees and economic migrants, security discourse, victim discourse, asylum abuse) and countermeasures (incarcerating “illegal” migrants and the externalization of European borders). The main argument is that in practice, immigration control blocks not only the autonomy of migration, but also the system of international protection (asylum). These concepts and practices are reflected in Europe’s externalized borders – “buffer zones” which are supposed to support the European asylum system and also protect the EU from migrations. The paper views practices in these buffer zones from the perspective of the autonomy of migration, and thus goes beyond the narrow framework of oppression and the ineffective system of protection.
KEY WORDS: borders, asylum, international protection, refugees, detention centre.

ABSTRACT
Two key concepts that intertwine throughout the text are immigration control and the autonomy of migration. It is important to emphasize that in practice, the former is a response to the latter and not the other way around. The concept of the autonomy of migration makes it possible to consider refugees and migrants without resorting to victimization and security discourse. Control is broken down by presenting typical discourses (the distinction between refugees and economic migrants, security discourse, victim discourse, asylum abuse) and countermeasures (incarcerating “illegal” migrants and the externalization of European borders). The main argument is that in practice, immigration control blocks not only the autonomy of migration, but also the system of international protection (asylum). These concepts and practices are reflected in Europe’s externalized borders – “buffer zones” which are supposed to support the European asylum system and also protect the EU from migrations. The paper views practices in these buffer zones from the perspective of the autonomy of migration, and thus goes beyond the narrow framework of oppression and the ineffective system of protection.
KEY WORDS: borders, asylum, international protection, refugees, detention centre.

ABSTRACT
Through the process of securitization, the convergence between migration and policing is gaining new dimensions within European migration policy. While several contemporary trends in policing can be identified, we point out the following based on their relevance for the Slovenian context: pluralization, Europeanization, demilitarization and academization. The purpose of the paper is to ascertain whether these general trends in policing correspond with the trends in policing migration specifically, and what they bring, with a particular focus on Slovenia.
KEY WORDS: migration, policing, pluralization, Europeanization, demilitarization, academization, Slovenia

ABSTRACT
Through the process of securitization, the convergence between migration and policing is gaining new dimensions within European migration policy. While several contemporary trends in policing can be identified, we point out the following based on their relevance for the Slovenian context: pluralization, Europeanization, demilitarization and academization. The purpose of the paper is to ascertain whether these general trends in policing correspond with the trends in policing migration specifically, and what they bring, with a particular focus on Slovenia.
KEY WORDS: migration, policing, pluralization, Europeanization, demilitarization, academization, Slovenia

ABSTRACT
The article presents how gender-specific control is structured on different levels: at the level of national imagination; at the level of the mechanisms of the preservation of the traditional division of gender roles; and at the level of public discourses and cultural presentations. However, the main aim of the article is to overcome the dominant understanding and treatment of women migrants as victims of control mechanisms and migration policy. It presents some parallels between past and contemporary ways of control of control that are actively performed by women migrants as the actors in individual migration processes. By choosing strategies of survival and improvement of ways of life in the migration context, their agency and inventiveness overcome, resist and exploit the control mechanisms of migration for their own benefit.
KEY WORDS: women migrants, control, victimization, agency, resistance strategies, intersectionality

ABSTRACT
The article presents how gender-specific control is structured on different levels: at the level of national imagination; at the level of the mechanisms of the preservation of the traditional division of gender roles; and at the level of public discourses and cultural presentations. However, the main aim of the article is to overcome the dominant understanding and treatment of women migrants as victims of control mechanisms and migration policy. It presents some parallels between past and contemporary ways of control of control that are actively performed by women migrants as the actors in individual migration processes. By choosing strategies of survival and improvement of ways of life in the migration context, their agency and inventiveness overcome, resist and exploit the control mechanisms of migration for their own benefit.
KEY WORDS: women migrants, control, victimization, agency, resistance strategies, intersectionality

ABSTRACT
The article outlines migration control in Europe from the 18th century to WWI with particular emphasis on its milestones and historical phases. It starts with the control criteria undertaken during the absolu­tism of the early modern period in order to manage migration movements and consolidate the power of the central state. This is followed by a presentation of the liberal attitude towards migrations arising from the French revolution. Over the course of the 19th century this attitude brought about a regime of relatively free transnational migration movements, responding to the rationale of economic liberalism and the international labour market. The third part focuses on state protectionism and interventio­nism following WWI, when the states strengthened their control systems over migration movements and started to govern them in order to protect their national labour markets and according to other national interests.
KEY WORDS: migration control, freedom of migration, migration policy, migration regimes, welfare state

ABSTRACT
The article outlines migration control in Europe from the 18th century to WWI with particular emphasis on its milestones and historical phases. It starts with the control criteria undertaken during the absolu­tism of the early modern period in order to manage migration movements and consolidate the power of the central state. This is followed by a presentation of the liberal attitude towards migrations arising from the French revolution. Over the course of the 19th century this attitude brought about a regime of relatively free transnational migration movements, responding to the rationale of economic liberalism and the international labour market. The third part focuses on state protectionism and interventio­nism following WWI, when the states strengthened their control systems over migration movements and started to govern them in order to protect their national labour markets and according to other national interests.
KEY WORDS: migration control, freedom of migration, migration policy, migration regimes, welfare state

ABSTRACT
The paper deals with social control in the case of international migration and migrants. The author connects Foucault’s concepts of panoptic surveillance and biopolitics with Althusser’s concept of repressive and ideological state apparatuses. The ideological apparatuses pave the way and provide the domestic political legitimacy (public support) for the repressive apparatus. The author presents in detail the forms of formal social control of migration and migrants, which take place on four levels: outside of the country of destination; at the external borders; inside of the country of destination; and in cyberspace. The restriction of the possibility of legal entry and residence in the EU for foreigners (third country nationals) and the consequential increase in migration control has to be understood in the context of changes determined by neoliberal ideology. This creates a paradoxical situation and causes the transformation of states into socially weak but repressive states. They are weak with respect to the social rights of residents, but repressive in the field of surveillance and stricter penal policy. One of the most illustrative areas of such transformation are qualitative and quantitative changes in the control of migration and migrants.
KEY WORDS: social control, surveillance, migration, panopticon, biopolitics

ABSTRACT
The paper deals with social control in the case of international migration and migrants. The author connects Foucault’s concepts of panoptic surveillance and biopolitics with Althusser’s concept of repressive and ideological state apparatuses. The ideological apparatuses pave the way and provide the domestic political legitimacy (public support) for the repressive apparatus. The author presents in detail the forms of formal social control of migration and migrants, which take place on four levels: outside of the country of destination; at the external borders; inside of the country of destination; and in cyberspace. The restriction of the possibility of legal entry and residence in the EU for foreigners (third country nationals) and the consequential increase in migration control has to be understood in the context of changes determined by neoliberal ideology. This creates a paradoxical situation and causes the transformation of states into socially weak but repressive states. They are weak with respect to the social rights of residents, but repressive in the field of surveillance and stricter penal policy. One of the most illustrative areas of such transformation are qualitative and quantitative changes in the control of migration and migrants.
KEY WORDS: social control, surveillance, migration, panopticon, biopolitics